Training Transformer Operational Principles, Selection & Troubleshooting

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Training Transformer Operational Principles, Selection & Troubleshooting

Introduction

Power and distribution transformers are essential devices in electricity supply. Their ratings can vary from small size distribution transformers of a few kVA up to very large power transformers of 1000 MVA or more. In terms of voltage ratings transformers can have operating voltages up to several hundreds of kilovolts. They represent a major asset of the power utility and any industrial plant. Failure of a transformer can be very costly and dangerous for other major equipment and personnel alike.

The design and operation of any transformer must fulfil certain requirements in order to withstand the electric, thermal and mechanical stresses during its service life. Tests and maintenance of transformers according to the relevant standards are intended to ensure that a transformer passing them will give trouble-free service for many years under the conditions it is likely to experience after its installation.

This training seminar will provide an understanding of transformer:

• Operational principles
• Design guidelines and different types
• Selection methodology
• Maintenance and commissioning procedures
• Troubleshooting checklists and failure analysis techniques
• Testing procedures
• Diagnostics and monitoring technologies

Objectives

This seminar aims are to provide understanding of the basic fundamentals and constructional features of power and distribution transformers with particular reference to the design, testing, operation and maintenance.

Delegates will gain a detailed appreciation of the following:

• Practical solutions for specifying, operating and maintaining power transformers in a utility or plant environment
• Comprehensive understanding of principles, selection, testing and commissioning, protection, maintenance and troubleshooting of distribution, and power transformers
• The necessary safe procedures relating to transformer operation and related circuitry
• Testing and maintenance of transformers
• How to care for your transformers

Training Methodology

Each seminar participant will receive a copy of the comprehensive seminar notes. The presenter will outline and discuss the topics using computer displays, PP and video. The seminar is designed to have an interactive format to maximize delegate participation. Questions and answers are encouraged throughout and at the daily sessions. Needs-Based case-studies and examples will be discussed in problem solving workshop sessions. This gives participants the opportunity to discuss with other delegates and the presenter their specific problems and appropriate solutions. Only minimum note-taking is encouraged to ensure maximum delegate attention during the seminar.

Organisational Impact

The seminar provides an ideal way to cater for technical training of personnel. The benefits for the organisation can be summarised as follows:

• Technical training and up-skilling to improve and realise the full potential of a competent workforce.
• Productivity increase through minimisation of project time acceptance/design and commissioning.
• Identification for opportunities of improvements due to deep understanding of the presented state-of-the-art technologies.
• Networking of personnel with technology leaders and other engineers and technicians with strong field experience.
• Exposure of personnel to the standard international procedures.
• Attitude change of workforce, as continuous follow up of new technologies and their up taking could otherwise create workforce with high resistance to change due to lack of understanding.

Personal Impact

On successful completion of this seminar delegates will be able to:

• Refresh your knowledge of the basic theory of transformers
• Understand the principles of operation of the transformer
• Identify the different features of power transformers, distribution transformers and instrument transformers
• Appreciate the principles of transformer design, ratings, windings, core structure and materials, insulation and cooling methods, insulation and lifetime
• Be familiar with construction of the transformer, transformer winding connections
• Recognize the effects of transformer load changes and off-load and on-load tap changers

 Who Should Attend?

• Engineers and Technicians from electricity supply industry
• Technical Management Professionals and Department Leaders
• Engineering Professionals from companies manufacturing and operating power and distribution transformers
• Engineers and Technical Personnel in power utilities, petrochemical plants, service professionals of large infrastructure projects.
• Participants need no specific requirements other than basic understanding of electricity and magnetism and circuit theory and general knowledge of nature and operation of power and distribution transformers.

Programme Outline

Introduction, General Principles and Classification General Classification of Transformers: Transformer Construction Core-Type Shell-Type Dry-type Transformers Oil-filled Transformers Auto Transformer Transformer Windings, Interconnection of Windings and Tertiary Windings Parallel Operation of Transformers, Loadings of Transformers in Parallel and Paralleling Requirements Standards for Transformers, Types and Requirements Transformer Tappings and Connections Ability to withstand Short Circuit, Impedance Percentage and Sound Level Case studies and workshop discussion

Transformer Constructional Details Transformer Oil, Characteristics, Oil Oxidation, Breakdown Voltage, Moisture Content, Acidity, Oil Testing, Dissolved Gas Analysis, Treatment and Regeneration of Oil Effect of Oil Expansion, Breathing Action, Buchholz Relay, Explosion Vents Instrument Transformers Transformers for Industrial Applications: Arc  Furnace Transformers Rectifier Transformers High Voltage Testing Transformers Green Transformers SF Transformers Internal and external cooling of transformers Construction and Details Of Transformer Cooling, Natural Cooling, Forced Cooling Case studies and Workshop Discussion

Transformer Features and Thermal Performance Thermal performance and Cyclic Rating of Transformers. Temperature indicators and alarms Transformer Electromagnetic Forces Radial and Axial Transformer Construction: Cores Assembly Transformer Windings Construction: Disc Coils Cross-over Coils Concentric Coils Sandwich Coils Transpositions Transformer Tanks, Radiators and  Tank Losses Transformer Fittings and Thermometers Case studies and Workshop Discussion

Transformer Operation and Maintenance Distribution Voltage Adjustment, Off-Load Tap Changing, On-Load Tap Changing Earth fault and Over-Current Protection of Distribution Transformers Transformer Maintenance: Oil preservation Deterioration of oil Breathers Condition Monitoring Faults in Transformers Tappings and Windings Advanced Transformer Maintenance Guidelines on how to care for your Distribution Transformer Remote monitoring of transformers Case studies and Workshop Discussion

Transformer Testing and Troubleshooting Troubleshooting transformer faults Site acceptance tests Transformer Routine Tests Measurement of winding resistance and voltage ratio Insulation resistance tests Manufacturer and Transformer Type Tests Partial discharge tests and accuracy of test reports Wrap up session, questions and answers

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